Yeast

YEAST

Yeast is a single-cell organism - Saccharomyces cerevisiae, converts its food (sugars and starch)T hrough fermentation, into carbon dioxide and alcohol. It's the carbon dioxide that makes release enables breads to rise.
Varieties: 500 plus species of yeast

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast

S. cerevisiae is also an important model organism in modern cell biology research, and is one of the most thoroughly studied eukaryotic microorganisms. Researchers have cultured it in order to understand the biology of the eukaryotic cell and ultimately human biology in great detail.[9]
Yeasts do not form a single taxonomic or phylogenetic grouping. The term "yeast" is often taken as a synonym for Saccharomyces cerevisiae,[11] but the phylogenetic diversity of yeasts is shown by their placement in two separate phyla: the Ascomycota and the Basidiomycota. The budding yeasts or "true yeasts" are classified in the order Saccharomycetales,[12] within the phylum Ascomycota.
The word "yeast" comes from Old English gist, gyst, and from the Indo-European root yes-, meaning "boil", "foam", or "bubble".[13] Yeast microbes are probably one of the earliest domesticated organisms.
alcoholic beverages (beer and mead), were found to contain yeast colonies that had survived over the millennia, providing the first direct biological evidence of yeast use in early cultures.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/budding-yeast

Bioremediation

Some yeasts can find potential application in the field of bioremediation. One such yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, is known to degrade palm oil mill effluent, TNT (an explosive material), and other hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, fatty acids, fats and oils.[75] It can also tolerate high concentrations of salt and heavy metals,[76] and is being investigated for its potential as a heavy metal biosorbent.[77] Saccharomyces cerevisiae has potential to bioremediate toxic pollutants like arsenic from industrial effluent.[78] Bronze statues are known to be degraded by certain species of yeast.[79] Different yeasts from Brazilian gold mines bioaccumulate free and complexed silver ions.[80]

Fantastic Fungi

cerevisiae and S. pombe, have been widely used in genetics and cell biology, largely because they are simple eukaryotic cells, serving as a model for all eukaryotes, including humans, for the study of fundamental cellular processes such as the cell cycle, DNA replication, recombination, cell division, and metabolism. Also, yeasts are easily manipulated and cultured in the laboratory, which has allowed for the development of powerful standard techniques, such as yeast two-hybrid,[98] synthetic genetic array analysis,[99] and tetrad analysis. Many proteins important in human biology were first discovered by studying their homologues in yeast; these proteins include cell cycle proteins, signaling proteins, and protein-processing enzymes

cerevisiae was announced to be the first eukaryote to have its genome, consisting of 12 million base pairs, fully sequenced as part of the Genome Project.

The second yeast species to have its genome sequenced was Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which was completed in 2002.[103][104] It was the sixth eukaryotic genome sequenced and consists of 13.8 million base pairs. As of 2014, over 50 yeast species have had their genomes sequenced and published.[105]

About 20% of biopharmaceuticals are produced in S. cerevisiae, including insulin, vaccines for hepatitis, and human serum albumin.[112]

Fascinated by all this science surrounding yeast, had no idea it was so instrumental in our development of Genome Squenening or is used so widely in the production of biopharamacicles, that something, discovred and applied to something as simple/humble as bread, can also be extracted and altered in such a way.

P2 - Research This page is part of the collection 'Part 2 - FINE ART '.

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